Liðakuin Grammar
Information about the artlang created by Astaryuu
Information about the artlang created by Astaryuu
Liðakuin has three noun classes, which are referred to as masculine, feminine, and neuter, though many words do not match their natural gender. Generally, masculine nouns end in -ur, -i, -n, or -ʒ, feminine nounds end in -a, -ing, or -un, while neuter nouns end in none of these.
Liðakuin verbs are found in one of four moods: indicative, imperative, conditional, and subjunctive. Verbs also determine or govern the cases of the other words in the sentence. Most Liðakuin verbs end in -a, -e, or -ä (from historic -ee) in their infinitive.
There are several different conjugation classes in Liðakuin, as follows:
See the following table for (present indicative) examples (in order)
| Number | Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl |
| gale to talk |
gale | galer | galin | galiþ | galid | |
| búnkä to stand |
búnkä | búnkera | búnker | búnkän | búnkäþ | búnked |
| rekka to strike |
rekka | rekkar | rekkon | rekkoþ | rekkod | |
| multa to choose |
multa | multor | multan | multaþ | multod | |
| tenya to learn |
ten | tenúr | tenyan | tenyaþ | tenyod | |
| seþ to be |
em | eþ | em | erin | eriþ | erid |
Rokadong does not have a grammatical subject like English does. Intransitive clauses place the noun before the verb. Transitive clauses typically place the agent before the verb and the object after the verb, but if the object is the topic of the sentence, then the reverse may be used.
Thus, Rokadong generally has a word order of AVO (agent, verb, object), however, if the patient is the topic, rather than the agent, OVA word order may be used. The verb may also be placed first if it is the topic of the sentence rather than either the agent or the object.
As a result, AVO is considered the normal word order, and is known as "standard voice". If the sentence is in an alternative word order, the agent of a phrase is marked with the suffix "-(a)pá", while the object of a phrase is marked with the suffix "-(a)tá". These markers may be used even in standard AVO sentences.
Stative verbs, as well as demonstrative and possessive determiners, follow the noun they modify, as do adjectives. Adverbs follow the verb or adjective they modify. If the antecedent to an adverb is a verb, then the adverb is given the same tense affix as the verb. While there is no mandatory marking for the difference between two adjectives or stative verbs applying to the same noun and an adverb applying to one, a comma/pause or the word ta (and) may be used for when two adjectives or stative verbs should apply to the same noun, as opposed to the second adjective applying to the first. This is generally deemed unnecessary if one of the adjective-like classes is a demonstrative or possessive determiner, because these are understood to always refer to the antecedent noun.
The agent, object, or both may be omitted. This is usually done for one of two reasons: (1) adding politeness and respect to a statement or question, such as removing pronouns when asking a question politely, or (2) when they are unknown, unimportant, or understood from context, such as when answering a question about the speaker's actions, where the agent is assumed to be the speaker.